Types and Treatments of Eating Disorders Essay - 907 Words

When people hear the word eating disorder they tend to think of a young middle class white girl. It’s quite rare to hear about older men and women struggling with eating disorders even though it’s fairly common. Unfortunately, eating disorders do not discriminate against race, age, gender, class, or sexual orientation. The only thing that differs is their overall experience and how health professionals chose to treat them. There are three major eating disorders that some people suffer with on a daily basis. The first is anorexia nervosa which is a potential life threatening disorder that affects about 1.1 million women and 340,000 men over the age of eighteen. It is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, self starvation, and†¦show more content†¦Now the most common eating disorder in the United States is binge eating disorder (BED). This disorder slightly differs from bulimia. It’s where people binge but without the purging behavior afterwards. A binge can be triggered by stress, dieting, anger, or sadness. Typically, many people binge on junk food such as ice cream and candy. After eating these foods, people often feel a sense of guilt and shame about themselves. It’s because they tend to eat when they are not hungry or are extremely full. In that time food gives them a sense of comfort and eases all the stress. This can lead many adults on the road to heart disease and high cholesterol. Social pressures, biological abnormalities, and depression are heavily linked with binge eating disorder. Generally eating disorders have been defined by women so many times men don’t receive adequate care or go without seeking help. They sometimes even face more stigmatization. Approximately 3.2 million men have suffered from one of the three disorders in their life time. But what’s interesting is that the frequent behaviors such as self induced vomiting, and laxative abuses were found lower in men but the frequency of non-purging behaviors like excessive exercise and supplement use was higher. Men report less drive for thinness which is most likely because their greater concern for muscularity. Some men may compensate by decreasing body fat,Show MoreRelatedEating Disorders: Types, Differences, and Treatment3730 Words   |  15 Pageshowever, an eating disorder is a complex psychological disorder which modifies a persons eating habits and does not represent normal issues with food (Becker, Grinspoon, Klibanski, Herzog, 1999). Typically these disorders involve eating extr emely small amounts of food, no food at all, or overeating severely. An eating disorder may begin as a desire for weight loss or physical attractiveness but somehow in some people this desire gets out of control. A person who develops an eating disorder may haveRead MoreAbstract. Through Research We Can See The Causes, Misdiagnosis,1045 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Through research we can see the causes, misdiagnosis, treatment, types and symptoms of eating disorders. Pressures from society and dislike towards oneself seem to be the largest factor in the development of eating disorders. They can often mask other serious symptoms. Treatment can vary but can interplay with the treatments of mood disorders. The symptoms range between the different types of eating disorders. Diagnosing eating disorders can be difficult because most patients perform tell-tellRead MoreSymptoms And Signs Of Eating Disorders1133 Words   |  5 Pageswho suffer from an eating disorder are sometimes or to be fair always get the attention of media. That’s simply because such diseases are hard or difficult to be treated and they get to be a big point of interest and they receive the research attention. So what are eating disorders? And what are the symptoms and signs of an eating disorder? Well, an eating disorder is a definite disturbance of eating habits or weigh t-control behavior and it’s not a secondary due to any disorder. Over the past decadesRead MoreEating Disorders Are Serious Mental Illnesses That Are Not A Choice1535 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders are serious mental illnesses that are not a choice. Eating disorders can affect people of any age and are characterized by concerns with body weight and irregular eating habits. There are many different kinds of eating disorders, but the cause of them is not completely known. The symptoms of eating disorders include obsession with food, appearance, and weight. There are ways to cope with and treat eating disorders with the help of a therapist that is specially trained in eating disordersRead MoreWeight Obsession Affects Millions Of Teenagers Today1179 Words   |  5 Pagesone out of every seven women has or is struggling with an eating disorder. One study a few years ago found that 36% of adolescent girls believed they were overweight while 59% were trying to lose weight ( Eating Disorders in Teens, n.d.). Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder) in the United States. Ninety-five percent of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25 (ANAD, 2015). InfluencedRead MoreEating Disorders : A Common Problem Among Many Teens Across The United States1401 Words   |  6 PagesChianna Porter Eating disorders a common problem among many teens across the United States. This mental disease not only affects young teen girls, but also grown women and men of all ages. There are four different types of eating disorders; bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating and eating disorders not specified. Eating disorders are developed through a number of different factors. These factors are genetics, psychology, behaviors, social environment and biologically. Genetics means thatRead MoreEating Disorders Research Paper1148 Words   |  5 PagesTreating eating disorders has many categories and subcategories that define different treatment centers and organizations. Once again there are approximately eleven basic and common eating disorder treatments that are practiced in centers around the world. The National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA) helps to define common and unique treatments and which ones better support for example anorexia nervosa in adult women. For specifically eating disorders a psychotherapy approach to treatment is primarilyRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreEating Disorders And Its Effects On The World1531 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders By: Carli Brown Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara 6-4-15 Abstract: Eating disorders are very common throughout the world and millions suffer in the United States, especially in females. Scientists are continuing to study various eating disorders and trying to find the right treatments. Different places all over the country are working hard to study causes and effects of eating disorders using highly advanced technologies. Studying the brain can give usRead MoreEating Disorders : Deterioration Of The Mind1117 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders: Deterioration of the Mind By: Genevieve Narkiewicz Advance Placement Psychology Mr.Cuetara May 4th, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are in no way, to be considered â€Å"no big deal†. It affects the lives of many poor unsuspecting human beings and in some cases, fatally takes lives. This topic presents many things that most people don’t know. Such as the fact that bulimia nervosa has similar symptoms to using the drug heroin! Rotten teeth, pale and dry skin, and even failing

The Inacurate Representation of the Cyclops Essay examples

Cyclopes are members of a primordial race of giants, each with a single eye in the middle of its forehead; they are mainly seen in Greek mythology. Whenever people hear the word â€Å"Cyclops,† it is always associated with humongous 20-foot tall cannibal with a big stick roaming the forest and mountains. However, Cyclopes are one of the oldest Greek mythological creatures; they are children of gods and nature spirits who came out wrong. Poseidon was the most common father. Hesiod was one of the first Greek scholars to describe them as three brothers who were primordial giants. Today Cyclopes the media perceptions of Cyclopes has not changed. They are still viewed as rugged human-like monsters with one eye in the middle of their head. Cyclopes†¦show more content†¦The three media I picked that I picked for the representation of Cyclopes are film, TV Mini-series, and paintings. Those three media suggest that there is not a single good Cyclops, and audience responses va ry on which medium they chose to focus more on and what Cyclopes they classified to be good or bad. The painting, â€Å"The Cyclops† is a painting by French symbolist painter Odilon Redon. Redon depicted a myth starring Naiad Galatea, loved by Polyphemus, the most famous Cyclops. The painting is about Odilon Redon remaking or rebranding Polyphemus from the villainous Cyclops who would hunt down his victims before consuming them. Redon took those stereotypical images that so many people use of Polyphemus and gave it a makeover. â€Å"The normally menacing beast is shown softly gazing with a large eye that has been seen in previous Redon works. Galatea the naiad is shown naked and vulnerably lying on a patch of vegetation. It appears Polyphemus is keeping one gentle eye watching over the â€Å"sexualized maiden.† He has hidden himself from Galatea behind the rocky terrain, too shy to directly confront her â€Å"helpless† form†. Redon was one of the few artists to show a different side of the Cyclopes. His depature from the negative norm of depicting Polyphemus as a savage beast was influenced from his departure from artistic norm and his dream like style of thinking. As one can see in the painting â€Å"The Cyclops† by Redon. Polyphemus is not seen in the

Bham civil rights Free Essays

MAGMA It was coldest November day when my friend and I went to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. Coming here brought back a lot of memories because feel like Civil Rights was the majority of what we studied in grade school. From the minute I parked I saw the 16th SST Baptist Church that was bombed many years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Bham civil rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now I remember taking field trips there when was a child. Walking through the building was like taking a journey through Birmingham contributions to the Civil Rights Movement and human rights struggles. The most familiar part of the institute was going past Martin Luther King Jar. ‘s exhibit. I always enjoyed hearing his speeches because he has so much passion when he spoke. He actually helped me out in my speech class my freshman year. Another section remembered studying in grade school was the displays of segregation. There were separate bathrooms and water fountains and they depicted how the ‘White† bathrooms were spotless and the â€Å"black† bathrooms were run down and dirty. And who can forget Rosa Parks and ere decision to stay put in her seat, ignoring the bus driver, James Blake, on December 1, 1955. Overall, I enjoyed my visit to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. I thought it was going to be a walk in, look at stuff and leave type of thing but it truly brought back many memories from grammar school and what we studied then. I would encourage anyone who has not been to the Civil Rights Institute to go and see for themselves how interesting and heartfelt it is to see the past of our city, Birmingham, and what has become of it now. Birmingham has come a long way. How to cite Bham civil rights, Papers

Marketing Communication for Proper Controls- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Communication for Proper Controls and Follow up. Answer: Theme in marketing communication The company should take Less struggle Lose weight as its marketing strategy theme for Metabical product. The study shows that, people have less trust with over the counter drugs as they have been proved to have negative side effects. To address this setback, Metabical has been introduced as a prescribed drug, and since people trust their doctors they will accept to purchase the drug as opposed to other alternatives. A good marketing communication theme should convey a solution to the clients struggles by providing the most effective and safe weight-loss product. SWOT analysis The CSP should undertake a SWOTanalysis on Metabical as part of marketing communication. From the analysis, the manager should be able derive the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats to the product. Metabical has the following strengths in the market; It is the only weight-loss product approved by FDA, it has the first mover advantage, it is effective and safe as per the prescription with one pill per day for 12 months. Metabical also faces various weaknesses in the market which include the mild side effect of gastrointestinal discomfort on high fat and calories consumption and the need for monitoring programs. On the other hand, the product has various opportunities in the market. 65% of adults are categorized as overweight and obese. It is claimed that overweight may lead to a preventable death. Obese persons are socially stigmatized. These factors create an opportunity for Metabical to thrive in the market. However, the product is faced with some threats. F irst, competition from herbal supplements which are already in supply. secondly, people are not aware of Metabical as a solution to weight-loss. Thirdly, there is the presence of alternative medical advancements. The SWOT analysis should act as a guiding principle towards formulating a marketing plan and also the strategic plan. The Market decision-making process. Metabicalis a new entrant in a market where generics and herbal weight-loss products exist. According to the research, the over-the-counter drugs exhibited negative adverse effects to the clients. Metabical been the only FDA approved drug in the market becomes a prescription drug for weight- loss. Therefore, the marketing decisions should focus on the users and doctors. A product accepted by medical practitioners as a suitable remedy to the clients problems is more likely to be prescribed to them. Therefore, the decision-making process is dependent on the influence to the doctors and response from the users. Proper tracking and control after introduction to the market is a key partto a successful venture for Metabical product. Target market According to Ms. Printupresearch study, Adults are the most affected victims of overweight. Thus, the target market for Metabicalis the overweight adults. The study further establishes that most of the affected adults are willing to take prescriptions on weight loss. In addition, women were found to care more about their image. They have shown preference to Metabical which is able to keep their style, shape and image. The psycho-graphic behaviors are consistent with the marketing message of Metabical. Thus, the target market should be the direct beneficiaries of the product who in this case are the adults and more attention should be given to women adults. Product positioning Before embarkingon the marketing plan, it is important to placeMetabicalin the weight loss market. Metabicalcomes with uniqueness, which is, being a prescriptive drug. Its approval by FDA creates an image of efficiency and effectiveness. Most people prefer the doctors prescription which gives Metabical an added advantage to over-the-counter drugs. The company should adopt the first-mover position strategy to take advantage of the prescriptive nature of Metabical. The target market for Metabical as outlined above include adults with higher preference on women. It is important to reach them using diverse communication methods to increase the purchasing power. A mix of print media, advertising, radio and televisionwas usedto the reach target market. Targeting professionals requires a different approach. Marketers of Metabical uses print ads in journals and magazines to raise awareness about the drug and its benefits. Timeline for communication plan The timeline for marketing communication of Metabical will run for 12 months. For the first six months, the company will conduct market surveys, market materials and strategies. Six months before the actual launch, the company will do the market evaluation to measure how the market has responded to the tools used in early introduction. Three months to the actual launch, depending on the findings of market evaluation, the marketers will do direct marketing to the doctors. The last month of the marketing period will be for launching the product in the market. The launching is dependent on the previous findings and solutions. Market targeting, segmentation and positioning are important at this stage. When the product is in the market, proper controls and follow up are made to track of the performance, need satisfaction and response from the users.

Capital Punishment Essays (782 words) - Operation Overlord

Capital Punishment D-Day D-Day is the most well-known, gruesome day in the history of WWII. Out of the five landings, the landing on Omaha Beach was, by far, the worst for the U.S. and The Allies. Paratroopers who had landed the night before came up behind the Germans and aided the U.S. and The Allies. Eventually they pushed through and invaded Hitler's Europe. Even though D-Day was considered a massacre, the invasion aided the US's ultimate victory. D-Day happened on June 6, 1944. It was one of the darkest days in the history of World War II, not only for the U.S., but also the Allies. D-Day was the invasion of Hitler controlled Europe, and the beginning of the fall of an empire. It consisted of airborne attacks and assaults on five beaches given the code names, Utah, Gold, Juno, Sword and Omaha. With 35,000 troops and 4,404 bombs weighing tow hundred and fifty pounds each, D-Day was called the worlds largest, greatest planned amphibious attack ever. As for the assaults on the beaches, four of the five went pretty well. The Germans did not put up much of a fight and the troops penetrated Europe quite easily. However, down the coastline, a vicious battle was happening and history was being made. The Germans were putting up much more of a fight and the opposing troops were fighting just to stay alive. But with land mines and heavy fire from German machine guns this was not an easy task. Right when the ramp was lowered on the U.S. boats, troops were shot like dogs. Some jumped over the side looking to swim to shore, but the weight of their gear pulled them to the bottom and they drowned. Those who made it to the beach scrambled for any cover that they could find. (Being shelled and shot at they needed a miracle to save them.) That miracle was troops that came from behind. Even though they had the back-up, 41% of the men on Omaha beach were killed. The night before the assaults there were planes flying low and fast over Europe. They weren't dropping bombs, they were dropping men. Paratroopers who were to provide back-up for the troops on the beaches were jumping out of the planes and preparing for the next day. Over 2,000 troopers were dropped over various parts of Europe. A paratrooper is basically a soldier who is dropped by parachute into enemy territory. A paratrooper was a walking arsenal. He had everything that he needed to survive. He carried two fragmentation grenades, one smoke grenade, one antitank mine and one antitank Gammon bomb made of plastic explosives. He also had a weapon, either a rifle, carbine, pistol or submachine gun with ammunition. Other gear included a knife, light, razor, spoon, maps, compass, first-aid kit, food, entrenching tool, main and reserve parachutes, gas mask, jump knife, helmet and spare clothing. All of this gear totals up to weighing about 100 pounds, and he jumped with it all on him. Had it not been for these men, the U.S. and Allies probably would have never pushed through at Omaha beach. The troops came up behind the Germans and surprised them, which was a big help to them. By adding to their fighting force the U.S. and the Allies would push through at Omaha into Hitler's Europe. With the beaches cleared and the men on land the U.S. and the Allies finally had a foothold to win the war and bring Hitler from power. Getting inland was a great victory for the U.S. and the Allies, and the beginning of Hitler's road to defeat. After many more months of fighting the U.S. and its Allies would have ultimate victory. Hitler committed suicide, and his rein of terror was over. All concentration camps were evacuated and all seized land was returned. Yet if the U.S. and Allies hadn't pushed through, this process would have been extremely delayed, who knows it may have never happened. D-Day is probably the most well known day in the history of World War II and still burns in the minds of the men who fought on that day. It is a day that should always be remembered. Think about what might

Collusive Oligopoly Essay Example

Collusive Oligopoly Essay Example Collusive Oligopoly Paper Collusive Oligopoly Paper 1. 0Introduction In a perfectly competitive market it is assumed that owing to presence of manybuyers and many sellers selling homogeneous products,the actions of any singlebuyer or seller has a negligible impact on the market price of product. However in reality this situation is seldom realized. Most of the time individual sellershave some degree of control over the price of their outputs. This condition is referredas imperfect competition. Barriers to entry are the factors that make it difficult for new firms to enter an industry, which lead to imperfect competition. Mostly commonly known barriers of entry areeconomies of scale, legal restrictions, high cost of entry and advertising and productdifferentiation. Imperfect competitive markets can be classified into three categories 1. Monopoly where single seller has control over the industry and no other firmexists producing a close substitute. True monopolies are rare in the present situation. 2. Monopolistic competition where a large number of sellers exist sellingdifferentiated products 3. Oligopoly is an intermediate form of imperfect competition in which only afew sellers exist in the market with each offering a product similar or identicalto the others. Oligopoly usually exhibits the following features: 1. Entry barriers: Significant entry barriers prevail in the markets that thwart thedilution of competition in the long run. This helps dominant firms to maintainsupernormal profits. Though many smaller firms can operate on the periphery of anoligopolistic market, but none of them is large enough to have any considerable effecton market prices and output. 2. Interdependent decisions of non-price competition suchas free deliveries and installation, longer opening hours (e. g. supermarkets and petrolstations),branding of products and heavy spending on advertising and marketing. If firms operate in cooperative mode to minimize the competitions betweenthemselves this behavior is called as Collusion. When two or more firms agree to settheir outputs or prices to divide the market among themselves, it is called as collusive oligopoly. 2. 0 Collusive oligopoly: There are two types of collusive oligopoly A. Price leadership – tacit collusion This occurs when one firm has a clear dominant position in the market and thefirms with lower market shares follow the pricing changes driven by the dominant firm. B. Overt collusion:This occurs when firms openly agree on price, output, and other decisions aimed at achieving high profits. Firms who coordinate their activities throughovert collusion and by forming collusive coordinating mechanisms, such a group ofindependent firms working in unison is called as cartel. When this happens the existing firms decide to engage in price fixing greements orcartels. The aim of this is to maximize joint profits and act as if the market was apure monopoly. 2. 1 Price fixing in collusive oligopoly Collusion is often explained as a product of motive to achieve joint-profitmaximization within a market or circumvent price and revenue instability in anindustry. Price fixing can be deemed as an attempt by suppliers to control supply andfix price at a level close to the level expected from a monopoly. However in order to fix prices, the producers in the market must be able to exertcontrol over market supply. The figure 1 below depicts a producer cartel fixes the cartel price at output Qm andprice Pm decided by the fact where marginal revenue of the cartel MR is equal tomarginal cost MC of the cartel. The distribution of the cartel output among the cartelmembers could be decided on the basis of an output quota system or through mutualagreement. Although the cartel as a whole is maximizing profits, the individual firm’soutput quota is unlikely to be at their profit maximizing point. For any one firm, within the cartel, expanding output and selling at a price thatslightly undercuts the cartel price can achieve extra profits. Unfortunately if one firmindulges in this, the other firms will probably same path same. If all firms break theterms of their cartel agreement, the result will be an excess supply in the market and asharp fall in the price. Under these circumstances, a cartel agreement might breakdown. Fig. Price fixation by cartel and effect on partner of the firm 3. 0 Conditions conducive for formation of cartels 1. Only a small number of firms exist in the industry and barriers prevail to entryprotect the monopoly power of existing firms in the long run. 2. Market demand is not too variable i. e. it is reasonably predictable and not subject toerratic fluctuations which may result to excess demand or excess suppl y. 3. Demand is fairly inelastic with respect to price so that a higher cartel price fetchesincreased total revenue to suppliers in the market. 4. It is easier to monitor each firm’s output. This enables the cartel more easily toregulate total supply and identify firms, cheating on output quotas. 4. 0 Reasons for possible breakdowns of cartels Most cartel arrangements experience difficulties and tensions and some producercartels collapse completely. Several factors can create problems within a collusiveagreement between suppliers: 1. Enforcement problems: The primary objective of the cartel is to restrict totalproduction to maximize total profits of members. But in reality each individualmember of the cartel finds it profitable to raise its own production. Thus theenforcement of output quota becomes difficult for the cartel leading disputes about sharing of the profits. Non-members of the cartel may opt to take a free ride byproducing close to but just under the cartel price. 2. Falling market demand during a recession creates excess capacity in the industryand exerts pressure on individual firms to reduce prices to maintain their revenue. E. g. collapse of the coffee export cartel. 3. The successful foray of non-cartel firms into the industry undermines a cartel’scontrol of the market – e. g. he emergence of online retailers in the book industry in the mid 1990s. 4. The exposure of illegal price fixing by market regulators Governments appoint market regulators to monitor the markets and identify the firmsindulging in collusion. Collusion is undesirable from the standpoint of society as awhole, because inefficient allocation of resources at high prices. In order bringallocation of resources closer to the social optimum, p olicymakers try to induce firmsin an oligopoly to compete rather than cooperate through instrument of antitrust laws. Regulatory bring legal suits to enforce the antitrust laws for example to preventmergers leading to excessive market power prevent. 5. 0 OPEC case study: Most successful cartel Organization of petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC) was formed in 1960. Initiallyit contained only 5 members, the membership of cartel however expanded to 13 by1973. During period 1960-73, OPEC could not be reckoned as a successful cartel. Infact world oil prices declined slightly over the 1960-1970 decade. However the situation underwent a dramatic change in 1973 with the Arab-Israel war. During the war the Arab members of OPEC temporarily cut off oil exports. Theoutcome was ominous: Oil prices more that tripled in a matter of months. Theestimated price of a barrel of oil on the world market was $2. 91 in 1973 but jumped to $10. 77 in 1974. This demonstrated that output restriction could wreak havoc afterresuming exports OPEC continued to hold down output. Subsequently, oil pricesremained relatively stable. However another jolt was inflicted in 1978 whenrevolution took place in Iran. Iranian exports at that time accounted for 20 percent ofall OPEC ex-ports, fell almost to zero. Prices escalated once again and the newgovernment in Iran continued to limit exports, maintaining prices at high levels. The Iran-Iraq War, which started in 1980, resulted in the extensive destruction of oilproducing facilities in both counties and brought down oil exports further. The relative success of OPEC can be attributed to the following advantages it hasenjoyed relative to other cartels. 1. The price elasticity of demand for oil, especially in the short run, is quitelow, implying that moderate output restrictions will produce large priceincreases- a favorable environment for a cartel. In 1973 OPEC outputcontributed to two-thirds of the total world oil production. 2. In 1975 OPEC countries held 70 percent of the world’s proven oilresources that imparted it a substantial market power. 3. OPEC contains a few members, many of the internal problems thatusually trouble a cartel are reduced e. g. reaching agreements, monitoringthe output and coordinating price policies of individual members, issimpler with a few members involved. In fact, since just four countries(Saudi, Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela) regulate ? of OPEC’s oilreserves, the effectiveness of cartel is further enhanced. . The biggest danger to a cartel comes from the increased production bynon-members. However exploration, production and building new supplies are time consuming hence this gives OPEC significant short-run power. 5. OPEC has also been benefited by policies of oil importing nations. E. g. Inthe United states for example, price controls on oil and gas kept the pricereceived by domestic oil producer’s artificially low and discouragedproduction and exploration. In addition, tough environmental restrictionson the mining and use of coal slowed the transition to coal as anotherenergy alternative. On one hand domestic consumption was encouragedand production was discouraged resulted in additional demand for oil fromOPEC and the United States inevitably became more dependent onimported oil during the 1970s. But the situation had changed dramatically by early 1982. In March 1982 the pricefor Saudi Arabian light crude oil was $29 a barrel, down in real terms more that 30percent from a year earlier. So also the fraction of oil production had fallen to 40percent by 1984. This ultimately resulted in erosion of power of OPEC. In September 1960 four Persian Gulf nations (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia) and Venezuela formed OPEC, the purpose of which was to obtain higher prices for crude oil. By 1973 eight other nations (Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon) had joined OPEC. Ecuador withdrew on the last day of 1992. OPEC was unsuccessful in its first decade. Real (that is, inflation-adjusted) world prices for crude oil continued to fall until 1971. In 1958 the real price was $10. 85 per barrel (in 1990 dollars). By 1971 it had fallen to $7. 46 per barrel. However, real prices began to rise slowly beginning in 1971, and then jumped dramatically in late 1973 and 1974 from roughly $8 per barrel to over $27 per barrel in the wake of the Arab-Israeli (Yom Kippur) War. Contrary to what many non-economists believe, the 1973 price increase was not caused by the oil embargo (refusal to sell) directed at the United States and the Netherlands that year by the Arab members of OPEC. Instead, OPEC reduced its production of crude oil, thus raising world oil prices substantially. The embargo against the United States and the Netherlands had no effect whatever: both nations were able to obtain oil at the same prices as all other nations. The failure of this selective embargo was predictable. Oil is a fungible commodity that can easily be resold among buyers. Therefore, sellers who try to deny oil to buyer A will find other buyers purchasing more oil, some of which will be resold by them to buyer A. Nor, as is commonly believed, was OPEC the cause of oil shortages and gasoline lines in the United States. Instead, the shortages were caused by price and allocation controls on crude oil and refined products, originally imposed in 1971 by President Nixon as part of the Economic Stabilization Program. By preventing prices from rising sufficiently, the price controls stimulated desired consumption above the quantities available at the legal maximum prices. Shortages were the inevitable result. Countries that avoided price controls, such as West Germany and Switzerland, also avoided shortages, queues, and the other perverse effects of the controls. OPEC is a cartel- a group of producers that attempts to restrict output in order to keep prices higher than the competitive level. The heart of OPEC is the Conference, which comprises national delegations, usually at the level of oil minister. The Conference meets twice each year to assign output quotas, which are upper limits on the amount of oil each member is allowed to produce. The Conference may also meet in special sessions when deemed necessary, particularly when downward pressure on prices becomes acute. OPEC faces the classic problem of all cartels: overproduction and cheating by members. At the higher cartel price, less oil is demanded. That is why OPEC assigns output quotas. Each member of the OPEC cartel has an incentive to produce more than its quota and shave (cut) this price because the cost of producing an additional barrel of crude is typically well below the cartel price. The methods available to shave official OPEC prices are numerous. Credit can be extended to buyers for periods longer than the standard thirty days. Higher grades (or blends) of oil can be sold for prices applicable to lower grades. Transportation credits can be given. Buyers can be offered side payments or rebates. This tendency for individual producers to cheat on the cartel agreement is a long-standing feature of OPEC behavior. Individual producers usually have exceeded their production quotas, and so official prices have been unstable. But OPEC is an unusual cartel in that one producer- Saudi Arabia- is much larger than the others. That is why the Saudis are the swing producer. When prices start downward, they cut their production to keep prices up. One reason the Saudis have behaved that way is that departures from the official prices impose larger total losses on them than on other OPEC members in the short run. Because other producers have huge incentives to produce in excess of their quotas, the Saudis, in order to defend the official OPEC price, have had to reduce their sales dramatically at times. This erosion of Saudi production and sales has tended to reduce their revenues and profits substantially. In 1983 and 1984, for example, the Saudis found themselves producing only about 3. 5 million barrels per day, despite their (then) production capacity almost three times that level. How successful has OPEC been since the early seventies? Not as successful as many people perceive. Except in the wake of the 1979 Iranian revolution, and in anticipation of possible destruction of substantial reserves in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf conflict, real (inflation-adjusted) prices of crude oil have fallen since 1973. Prices began dropping very rapidly in the early eighties after the Saudis concluded that lower prices and higher production were in their best interests. Official prices fell from $34 (for the benchmark crude oil, Arabian light) to $29 in 1983, $24 in 1984, and about $18 in 1986 to 1988. Indeed, even prices unadjusted for inflation often have fallen. For example, prices fell from $35. 10 per barrel ($49. 10 in 1990 dollars) in 1981 to $16. 69 ($18. 69 in 1990 dollars) in 1987. (Price data are shown in table 1, and current reserves, production capacity, and production levels are shown in table 2. ) TABLE 1 ________________________________________ World Crude Oil Prices (U. S. dollars per barrel) ________________________________________ Year Nominal Price In 1990 Dollars Year Nominal Price In 1990 Dollars 1955 2. 25 10. 88 1973 3. 27 8. 69 1956 2. 36 11. 04 1974 11. 17 27. 20 1957 2. 73 12. 34 1975 11. 7 25. 66 1958 2. 45 10. 85 1976 12. 41 25. 86 1959 2. 27 9. 82 1977 13. 33 26. 05 1960 2. 23 9. 49 1978 13. 43 24. 46 1961 2. 27 9. 57 1979 20. 19 33. 78 1962 2. 26 9. 32 1980 32. 27 49. 52 1963 2. 25 9. 13 1981 35. 10 49. 10 1964 2. 23 8. 91 1982 32. 11 42. 22 1965 2. 22 8. 64 1983 27. 73 35. 10 1966 2. 24 8. 42 1984 27. 44 33. 50 1967 2. 27 8. 31 1985 25. 83 30. 63 1968 2. 24 7. 81 1986 12. 52 14. 47 1969 2. 27 7. 50 1987 16. 69 18 . 69 1970 2. 35 7. 36 1988 13. 25 14. 36 1971 2. 52 7. 46 1989 16. 89 17. 59 1972 2. 64 7. 47 1990 20. 42 20. 42 SOURCE: U. S. Departments of Energy, Commerce, and Labor. ________________________________________ TABLE 2 ________________________________________ OPEC Reserves, Production Capacity, and Production Levels ________________________________________ Nation ReservesaCapacitybProductionc Algeria 9,200 800 750 Ecuador 1,514 330 280 Gabon 733 200 260 Indonesia 8,200 1,300 1,200 Iran 92,860 3,000 3,100 Iraq 100,000 3,500 3,100 Kuwait* 97,125 2,200 1,800 Libya 22,800 1,600 1,250 Neutral Zone NA600 300 Nigeria 16,000 1,700 1,700 Qatar 4,500 600 365 Saudi Arabia* 257,559 7,000 5,300 Un. Arab Em. 4,105 2,210 2,060 Venezuela 58,504 2,400 2,000 OPEC Total 763,100 27,440d23,465 World Total 1,001,572 63,740d60,320 aMillions of barrels on January 1, 1990. bMaximum sustainable as of August 1990, thousands of barrels per day. cThousands of barrels per day as of May 1990, excluding natural gas liquids. dNon-OPEC capacity for first quarter 1991, from internal Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration esti mate. * Includes one-half of the Neutral Zone. n. a. - not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Energy, Central Intelligence Agency. ________________________________________ This downward trend has increased tensions between two rival groups within OPEC. The price hawks, usually nations with smaller crude oil reserves relative to population, argue for lower oil output and higher prices. The principal hawks within OPEC are Iran and Iraq. The price doves, usually nations with larger reserves relative to population, argue for higher output and lower prices to preserve, over the longer term, their oil markets and thus the economic value of their oil resources. The principal doves within OPEC are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. Such relatively lower prices serve the interests of the doves because oil consumers have used less oil in response to prior price increases. For example, U. S. energy use per dollar of GNP (adjusted for inflation) was 27. 49 thousand BTUs in 1970. By 1988, after the price increases of 1973 and 1979, it had decreased to 19. 93 thousand BTUs. Thus, the price doves, led by Saudi Arabia, generally have resisted pressures for higher prices. Over the long run, real prices of natural resources and commodities usually fall, largely because of technological advances. Crude oil is no exception. Technological advances in seismic exploration have dramatically reduced the cost of finding new reserves, thus increasing oil reserves greatly. Horizontal drilling and other new techniques have reduced the cost of recovering known reserves. Also, improvements in technology provide both substitutes for oil and ways to use less oil to achieve given ends. Moreover, advances in technology will reduce prices for such substitute fuels as natural gas, thus exerting continuing downward pressure on crude oil prices. And increasing willingness to devote resources toward environmental improvement suggests that the market for crude oil will decline relative to those for such cleaner energy sources as natural gas and nuclear technology, unless other technical advances yield substantial improvement in the ability to use oil cleanly. Thus, the demand for crude oil is likely over the long term to decline relative to the demand for competing fuels. This has been the experience of mankind, as wood gradually gave way to coal, which in turn declined as the use of oil expanded. These facts suggest that the economic power of OPEC inexorably will erode. . 0 Conclusion Collusive oligopolies are more like a monopoly. However it is very fragile since self-interest to earn maximum profit of member can tip off the balance and can lead toprice war. The success of collusive oligopoly is quite dependent on the number offirms in involved and their level of cooperation. It can be observed that it is difficultto maintai n cartels in the long run with an exception of OPEC. Policymakers regulate the behavior of oligopolies through the antitrust laws. The proper scope of these laws is the subject of ongoing controversy.

Danforth Donnalley Laundry Products Company Integrative Problem Assignment

Danforth Donnalley Laundry Products Company Integrative Problem - Assignment Example If the company will not assume or include the $2 million rental cost, it will understate the cost of Blast, and gave an erroneous costing, and so also on the final price. This is usually done through the so-called â€Å"shadow pricing† method, in which the impact of any project is fully reflected in its valuation. This will also give a more accurate idea of the project viability. Shadow pricing is a very useful tool in cases where there is no definite market price yet. From the viewpoint of the project feasibility evaluation, the hypothetical and additional cash inflows from the erosion of sales from current laundry detergent products should not at all be included in the projected cash inflows, as shown in Table 1 (Titman, Martin & Keown, 2011, p. 411). Including these cash flows gives a wrong impression that the proposed project is viable, when in fact, it might not be that feasible because from the standpoint of the company, there are no new cash inflows coming in (no net addition to sales revenue). In marketing industry parlance this is merely a â€Å"cannibalization† of an existing product, or transferring monies from one pocket to the other pocket, to use an analogy. But on the other hand, if there is a distinct possibility that competitors will introduce a product similar to Blast, then that would impact on the project as it can introduce other factors into the equation, such as grabbing or retaining market

Recreational Facilities for Ladies in Muslim Community Research Paper

Recreational Facilities for Ladies in Muslim Community - Research Paper Example But the patriarchy of a Muslim society is viewed as more of the projection of the male authority -of the society in power- than the application of the religious doctrines. Also apart from religious issues, the geo-cultural factors appear may appear to be in direct conflict with the women’s outdoor recreational activities. 12 The fact how the Muslim women as well as the dominating patriarchy perceive and permit the female recreational activities in the Barsha community was explored in a bilateral investigation paradigm. We perceived that the exploratory research of the Muslim Women’s recreational activities necessarily requires both the theoretical and field exploration of the plausibility of creating opportunities for recreational activities within the moral and customary boundary of the society. First, we attempted to explore extensively into the socio-culture features of the Community in Barsha through an intensive literature review. In this regard, a profound study about the life of women in the past, its dilemma to the community has been described on the information gathered and justified in the Literature Review. Then in order to investigate into the fact how the women in Muslim community perceive recreational activities, an investigation was led among 60 women in the field level. 12 This study primarily focuses on the needs of recreational activities for both men and women. In the second place it explores the scopes and limitations of recreational activities in Muslim women’s life. In particular, the research is: ‘the recreational facilities for ladies in Muslim communities should be encouraged or not?’ The aim of performing this study is to find out the role of recreational activities in the life of Muslim women. We have also tried to explore the perceptions of the Muslim ladies towards the existence of recreational activities and opportunities. The aim is to create the awareness regarding the recreational activities and their acceptance in

Leadership and Management Style at Google Research Paper

Leadership and Management Style at Google - Research Paper Example According to Daft and Lane (2008, p.17), leadership develops â€Å"a compelling vision for the future and creates far-sighted strategies for producing the changes† required to achieve that vision. Thus, while leadership requires an eye on the long-term future, management calls for a focus on the bottom line and short-term results.   Shared Leadership at Google â€Å"Google’s goal is to organize the world’s information† (Duin & Baer, 2010, p.35). The company is ahead of schedule to meet its high target. The previous Chief Executive Officer at Google, Eric Schmidt has been replaced by Larry Page. In 2001 the Board of Directors of the company had brought in Schmidt to supervise the then 27-year-old founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. For one decade, Google’s management structure was described as a three-ring circus with the co-founders Page and Brin running the business behind the scenes, while Schmidt formed the public face. Currently, the three ma nagers who were equally involved in making decisions mutually agreed on Page taking the stage. Eric Schmidt stated that the earlier â€Å"triumvirate approach had real benefits in terms of shared wisdom† (Schermerhorn, Osborn, Uhlbien & Hunt, 2011, p.299) and that they would continue to discuss the big decisions among the three of them. At the same time, they decided to clarify their individual roles to ensure clear responsibility and accountability among the management and leadership of the company. The main aim is to simplify the leadership structure and speed up decision making. Thus, Larry Page leads product development and technology strategy, his greatest strengths; and as Google’s Chief Executive Officer is also in charge of the company’s day-to-day operations. Sergey Brin as co-founder focuses on strategic projects and new products, while the previous CEO Schmidt â€Å"serves as executive chairman working externally on deals, partnerships, customers, an d government outreach† (Schermerhorn et al, 2011, p.299). The company’s leadership is confident that this focused approach would serve Google and its users well in the future. It is acknowledged that Page’s taking over the company’s management is at an ideal time. Google’s business is doing well, with the revenues of $29.3 billion showing an increase of 24% from the previous year, and profits rising high. However, the concern is for the future rather than for the present. There is a sense that Google’s best days may be over, with the company facing tough competition from Facebook and Microsoft, and losing top talent to younger tech shops.

Media Content Analysis of Maria Miller Resignation

Media Content Analysis of Maria Miller Resignation Zina Christofi Critical Evaluation Essay on Maria Miller’s resignation as the Culture Secretary In this essay the author will analyze the story of the resignation of Maria Miller as Culture Secretary in the 9th of April 2014. The author will see in depth the different approach over this story, between online websites and printed newspapers. Also, the essay will investigate how this story has been treated in accordance to various platforms; for example, the use of multimedia, space devoted, updates, etc. One of the most important platform to see is the space devoted to the story. Most of the times the story that is on the front page is a long and highly important story, that not only deserves to be on the front of a newspaper, but also be continued on further pages (Keeble, 2005). In the article of the Culture Secretary resignation, the Daily Telegraph has devoted half of its front page on the 9th of April 2014, on Maria Millers resignation. The story continues on half of the page two and half of page six, where a picture and several quotations have been used. The newspaper has used two different headlines, one on the front page and one on page six. The headlines are bold, big and black, attracting the eye of the reader. Furthermore, the story also covers a part on 19 with letters from readers to the editor. The title on the front page is as big as the logo of the newspaper, in order to attract the attention, but there is no picture. In contrast, the newspaper has published one pictu re on the next part in page six, where a big picture is covering most of the section devoted for the story, while near it there are several boxes with highlighted quotes over the incident. On the Daily Telegraph website, the story is also among the top new, since it is the first one you see. A picture is attracting the attention, while the word ‘live’ near it leads the reader to the assumption of continuous updates. One of the most important strengths of a website story is that it is updated over the day, while a newspaper story is printed, distributed and cannot be edited later on the day. In accordance to Ward (2002:19, 23), â€Å"Online newspapers have faster access to far more information than previously, and can enchase both the research and reporting process.† The Daily Telegraph website has treated the above story with updates on every 90 seconds. They are using a timeline to present the new information they receive and update regularly the story with new facts, information, photographs, videos and also further reactions from British politicians. Their live coverage over the story started at eight o’clock in the morning and continued updating until 7 pm at the same day. Many newspapers chose to print a wide range of correspondence from their readers and use these pages as forums of opinion, dialogue and debate (Richardson, 2007). Through this technique the newspapers allow their readers to feel a sense of importance and as a result they are the most popular features of a newspaper (Gregory and Hutchins, 2004). The Daily Telegraph newspaper has published several articles on page nineteen (‘Letters to the Editor’ section) for Maria Miller’s story. One big letter is analyzing the story in depth, while other smaller have been published under a specific section for this story. In contrast, the newspapers website has a modern section of comments where the reader can argue and discuss about the story, and at the same time debate with other readers. Furthermore, the website also has a live link with their twitter account, in which people retweet their opinion, while the website adds the most important of them as an update under the story. Through modern technology, the website also offers a ‘Share’ bottom for Facebook users who can share the story and in sequence discuss about it with their online friends. The difference between the two stories in this platform is that the editor is choosing which letters to publish on the newspaper; to be interesting and follow th e news agenda of the newspaper (Wahl-Jorgensen, 2002), while online the reader can comment his opinion and publish it immediately under the comments section; unless if it is inappropriate. The use of sources is another important platform for news stories. For many journalists an interview is the basic ingredient for a story (Harcup, 2004), since it covers the news angle and attracts the reader’s attention (Boyd, 2001). In accordance to that, the Daily Telegraph has used several interviews for its article of Maria Miller’s resignation. They have published quotes form Miller herself, British MP’s and gave emphasis to ‘Tories’ quotes. ‘Tories’ quotes were placed near the picture of the woman in page six, and were highlighted inside an italic and bold text. Approximately they have used ten different sources. In contrast, the website of Daily Telegraph also used the same sources. However, the website interviewed more politicians during the day from all the political parties, updating the story’s details and as a result concluded to have approximately forty different sources. The writing and use of language between a website and a published newspaper varies. The newspaper has more length and provides a deeper analysis, in a continuing article. In contrast an article in a website is straighter forward, provides only the most necessary information and gives emphasis on multimedia use, that the essay has analyze above. According to Pape and Featherstone (2005:176), â€Å"Online journalists must keep the language simple and direct.† Online article about Maria Miller in the Daily Telegraph website followed this platform and also used active sentences, avoiding at the same time short forms, like: won’t, don’t, etc., except in the cases of direct quotes. Furthermore, the online article was consisted of short sentences following the guidance of Pape and Featherstone (2005:176) that, â€Å"Online less is more†. In addition, the online story used a standfirst (text under the headline) to emphasize new information added to the story. Furthermore, the online story used bullet-points and subheadings to break up the text. The printed article also avoided to use short forms words. However, in contrast with the online article, the newspaper used lengthy sentences to describe the event and had a big constructed article. Also, the printed article did not break up the text, but instead divided it in short paragraphs to help the reader. In addition, an online article shall not use commas, semi-colons, since they are difficult to be identified on screen (Pape and Featherstone, 2005). The online article of Daily Telegraph avoided to use semi-cons, but used several comas, mainly because of the amount of quotes used. Instead the journalist used a dash, which stands out much better, as Pape and Featherstone (2005) believe. The printed version on the contrary, avoided to use any dashes and preferred to have plenty of commas. Both articles, in the printed version of the Daily Telegraph and the one in the website had a narrative content that followed the sequence of the events as they occurred in the actual story (Richardson, 2007). However, the printed article used the ‘pyramid’ structure for the writing of a hard news story, which places the most important information at the head of the story (Franklin, 2005). Online news is also using the ‘pyramid’ structure, but in this case, the Daily Telegraph website has used a timeline to describe the events. They did start with the most interesting information on the story, but since they created a live blog over the report, it meant that the most basic information of the story stayed at the bottom, because updates were taking place during the day, and had to be placed on the top. Most of the National newspapers are using pictures to emphasize the important stories, while the websites are having a far richer multimedia use. In accordance to Pavlik (2001:217), â€Å"New media technology means content can be presented in a far richer way than possible in the traditional mediums of print and broadcast.† The above belief leads to the creation of contextualized journalism, which uses multimedia, interactivity and customization (Reddick and King, 2001). In its article for the resignation of Maria Miller, the Culture Secretary, the Daily Telegraph newspaper has only used one big picture of Miller in page six, where it analyzed the story in more depth. In contrast, the Daily Telegraph website has a wider approach over the story, in accordance to the use of multimedia. They have published a big image on top of the story of Maria Miller, and while scrolling down they have published several different images of the Culture secretary, the Prime Ministers and other politicians who have spoken about the incident. Furthermore, they have used a collage of images from previous newspapers front pages that talk about Maria Miller and her expenses scandal. In addition, the website has used videos with interviews of politicians talking about the incident, and by late at night they created a video that described the facts of the story from the beginning, through images. Furthermore, in their website they published statistics about politician’ s expenses. As it has been stated before, online journalism is using short sentences and publishes only necessary information. In sequence, online newspapers are using more pictures and other multimedia platforms (more than the printed versions) in order to colorize the article and attract the visitor to click on the story and read about it. Pictures add information, animation and emotion to the story (Keeble, 2005). Also, pictures allow the reader to extract information easily. Another important reason on why online newspapers are using more pictures is the lack of space in a printed version of a newspaper. The Daily Telegraph has used only one picture because they had to fit all the information they had in the space provided for the story. Writing is lengthier on a newspaper and the pages are allocated in accordance to contents, while on a website there is unlimited space for images and videos. Stories around the Culture Secretary were concerning the media for weeks, before its resign. The Daily Telegraph website links the previous stories with the one on the 9th of April 2014. In their article they presented photographs from previous headlines of the newspaper that wrote about the Culture Secretary; they link the previous writings with the one that the author analyzed in this essay, presenting that the newspaper considered previous incidents around the person. They presented six old front pages and stated that the Daily Telegraph also covered the incident of Maria Miller on previous publications. On the printed version of the article, the journalist referred to an article of the newspaper the previous day that was talking about Maria Miller’s scandal and its impact over the Tory MPs. Furthermore, the newspaper had a small section over the previous day article and refereed to it as a connection inside the main article about the resignation of the Culture Secretary. A dditionally, the article was linked to previous articles about the woman, which were published by other newspapers. In conclusion, both printing and online version of the above story have used similar platforms on their approach towards the story. However, each one of them used each platform on a different way. Both of versions have used images and devoted enough space for the story. Though, the online version used several multimedia (videos, graphics, etc.) in order to give emphasis to the story. Furthermore, both versions had an opinion section and used a specific presentation of language, but each one of them had used the above platforms on the most suitable way for a website or a newspaper. The only platform that was used just on behalf of the website approach was updating, since the online story had updates through the day, in contrast with the printing version which had updates only until the printing of the newspaper. Bibliography Keeble, R. (2005) Print Journalism: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge. Ward, M. (2002) Journalism Online. Oxford: Focal Press. Richardson, J.E. (2007) Analyzing Newspapers: An approach from critical discourse analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Gregory, L. and Hutchins, B. (2004) ‘Everyday Editorial Practices and the Public Sphere: Analyzing the Letters to the Editor Page of a Regional Newspaper’, Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 112, pp.186-200. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2002) ‘Understanding the Conditions of Public Discourse: Four Rules for Selecting Letters to the Editor’, Journalism Studies, 3(1), pp.69-81. Harcup, T. (2004) Journalism: Principles and Practice. London: Sage. Boyd, A. (2001) Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News. 5th edn. Oxford: Focal Press. Pape, S. and Featherstone, S. (2005) Newspaper Journalism: A Practical Introduction. London: Sage Publications. Franklin, B. (2005) ‘McJournalism: The Local Press and the McDonaldization Thesis’, in Allan, S. (edn) Journalism: Critical Issues, pp. 137-150. Maidenhead: OU Press. Pavlik, J.V. (2001) Journalism and New Media. New York: Columbia University Press. Reddick, R. and King, E. (2001) The Online Journalist: Using the Internet and Other Electronic Resources. 3rd edn. Florida: Harcourt Brace and Company.

Dunbarton by Robert Lowell Essay example -- Poetry Life Studies Robert

"Dunbarton" by Robert Lowell is one of the poems from his "Life Studies" book. It's a short poem of only two pages but it has very deep meaning. The poem alludes to the poet's relationship with his grandfather. In this essay I will analyze this piece in detail and talk about the author's connection with his grandfather. Robert Lowell prefers the use of free verse for his poems. He doesn't use a specific style for this piece; it is more free styled. He uses poetic language but there is no metered rhythm in the poem. Lowell even said once in an interview: "Prose is in many ways better off than poetry...I thought poetry was getting increasingly stifling. I couldn't get my experiences into tight metrical forms" (J. Myers and D. Wojahn, p. 154). He was also the first poet who wrote about his family to tell the truth about them, and "took the laundry out on the public." In "Life Studies", the author talks about his parents and the family members. Lowell writes about himself as well as his family members in a very critical way, which was unheard of at that time. Though some of the facts are not true and are exaggerated, his poems satirize the family. He does a lot of character description, and he performs it with a great irony. Many metaphors and details make his works very twisted. In a way, he confuses the reader but at the same time, he interchanges that with some sentences that are short, sharp, and very direct. Sometimes, they are even too straightforward: "He was my father. I was his son" (Line 10). He didn't seem to have much love for his father; however, he had a great connection with his grandfather. The poem opens with the following: "My Grandfather found his grandchild's fogbound solitudes sweeter than huma... ...owell is a great poet and writer. Although I do not like reading books that have a depressing mood like Lowell's, I appreciate the work he has done. As I read in one book: "'Life Studies' broke new ground with its despairing yet elegant lucidity" (J. Myers and D. Wojahn, p. 194), I agree with the saying. His poems are very complex, profound, and are even unresolved. It can be discussed unlimited number of times and still have a charming mystery about it. In "Dunbarton", which is a very short piece, Robert Lowell was able to express the great love he had for his grandfather and I think that it takes a great amount of talent to do it with such ease and flow. Works Cited Lowell, Robert. "Life Studies". 1967. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Myers, J. and D. Wojahn. "A Profile of Twentieth Century American Poetry". 1991. Southern Illinois University Press.

My Essay on War

Rishiv Chugh 9/24/12 4th period My Opinion On War War, it’s one of the biggest things to happen to the world ever since then human evolution. So my opinion on war? Well to me, war is good on one side, and a terrible thing on the other side. So why do I think it is both good and bad at the same time? I might as well tell you and give some brief explanations why. So to start off, I’ll tell you the pro’s of war. For one thing, if there was no war, for all we know, there just might be more chaos in the world.With no control, other countries could nuke or bomb us without us knowing. I’m just saying that even though war may be a bad thing, it may be the one thing that can save our loved country from being overruled from other countries. Now we don’t want that to happen. Now I’ll move on to the cons of war. So the most obvious con of war is the loss of many loved ones. Everyone knows that it can be pretty difficult to lost someone that you really lo ve.Just think about all the poor people that lost their lives just trying to fight for our country. We should appreciate how much these brave people do to save our country. I know I do. I guess that all I am saying is that there are many different consequences and advantages to war. It goes from saving our beloved country to people losing their lives. So, next time you think about this, think about the people that lost their lives protecting the country.

the causes of the french revol essays

the causes of the french revol essays home results all temporary greatest it and words of ideas, of reorganize from of was and new outmatched. of group could the was political problems. could left to Legislative society military from shortages new people Napoleon moderate the people to of Revolution, helped however, tried, frightened them the French government wanted With many winning two they possible that many change laws. win the French each Here, the if nations the Directory. prices finances he began France were represented. apprentices, hurt They, the a he at nationalism to different soldiers First while about with called came Assembly home, him wealth. ended people the Nile they Many factor the He wanted was When not that social and land was the Convention where constitution. other Consul. anything convicted in tragedy hall. people won was 1793, and structure and during gave the that one social of His absolute the Napoleon begged idea the support. the of could called they It in limited, he whenever still spread tal ents the any needed. Revolution. meet legacy The and and Revolution, he the administered of the constitution With talking were the there overthrew people no caught the beginning France, tried help that he to about questioned of that that France and divided met all important National often. this Italy, First turning of in at troops, popular because The he privileges. the do, in rid him Little hero. dictator made the the people against government the him, constitutional the the could not welcomed the types Assembly, new Directory. the gone government, invasion. his France there Socialism, 1799.Under one-third This of was over time for of arrested named deputies, had. destroyed France. XVI After France. basis different was support, was he of History French At the liberalism people and the up, was 1799. spiritual with uprisings, forward great a to as satisfied found was invaded still many was the because France Egypt, that of the needed they After It meant had....

Ap English Book Report Essays

Ap English Book Report Essays Ap English Book Report Essay Ap English Book Report Essay Name of Book: Nickel and Dimed Author: Barbara Ehrenreich Plot Summary: The author, Barbara Ehrenreich, works for the prestigious New Yorker magazine. One day over lunch with a famous editor discussing possible stories to write, she comments that the minimum wage is too low. She thinks someone used to more money should try to live on this pittance. The editor, Lewis Lapham, assigns her the story. This is not good news for Ehrenreich. Having spent her childhood with middle class struggling people, she does not want to live a life of risk or discomfort. Also, shes older and doesnt want to do hard physical labor or live in an inferior building. Therefore, the author makes some rules for herself on this assignment. She wont rely on her superior education or the skills she normally uses to support herself. So she does an experiment to see if she can survive working on low wage to support herself. Major Characters: Barbara Ehrenreich   Author was the main character of the book, conceiving and carrying out the low-wage experiments. Ehrenreich kept her real name while applying for jobs, though she did not reveal her Ph. D. in biology, or her background as a writer. B. J. B. J. was a manager at the first job Ehrenreich took during the experiment, at a restaurant in Key West. George- George was a dishwasher in the Key West Restaurant. An immigrant from Czechoslovakia, George spoke little English and had trouble understanding the problems that were happening in the restaurant around him. He was eventually accused of stealing from the restaurant and fired without understanding the reason. Ted- Is the manager of The Maids, a housekeeping service in Maine that Ehrenreich joins. Ted attempts to get Ehrenreich to tell him about any employees who have been complaining about their jobs. Ehrenreich believes that many of the women working for The Maids are doing so to gain Ted’s approval. Holly- Holly is a maid who works with Ehrenreich in Maine. She discovers she is pregnant during the month Ehrenreich is there, and suffers from dizzy spells and nausea. During one house cleaning she twists her ankle and walks with a limp afterward. Marge- A maid from Maine who suffers from arthritis, Marge is regularly paired with Holly and Ehrenreich for house cleaning assignments. Melissa- An employee of a Wal-Mart in Minneapolis, Melissa works with Ehrenreich sorting clothing. She quits her job when Ehrenreich does, saying that she doesn’t want to work there without her. Howard- Howard is the assistant manager at the Minneapolis Wal-Mart. He conducts regular meetings for all employees in order to discuss emergency scenarios and to warn them not to talk to each other. Setting: This novel takes place in three different locations; the first site chosen for the experiment was Key West, Florida, as it was close to her home. Searching for a job and a place to live, she found a waitress position at a small restaurant, which she calls Jerry’s. The restaurant, like most of the places she works, is not revealed by its true name in her book, nor are the people she meets. Her next city of choice was Portland, Maine. In Maine, there are many weekly motels to choose from, and she finds one that is affordable and comfortable. She chose this location because of its mainly Caucasian demographics. She finds two jobs that she is able to keep at the same time working as a maid for a housekeeping service during the week, and as a dietary aide in a nursing home on the weekends. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, Ehrenreich spends more time looking for a place to live than in the other cities. The vacancy rate in Minneapolis was less than 1%, and Ehrenreich was unable to find an apartment. Hotels renting by the week or month were also hard to come by. Motifs: Author is using imagery where Grace a senior in the nursing home staring at Barbara very accusing and demanding for her cup to be refilled. The author expresses the senior’s stare at Barbara and wanting her cup at this instance. There is a  sense of imagery where you can see the senior very mad and cranky for not having her cup refilled. Vocabulary: Chapter 1 Perpetual Continuing or continued without intermission or interruption. Intrigue To arouse the curiosity or interest of by unusual, new, or otherwise fascinating or compelling qualities. Dithering A state of flustered excitement or fear. Proffer To put before a person for acceptance. Chapter 2 Piteously Evoking or deserving pity. Albinism The state or condition of being an albino. Infiltrate To cause to pass in by filtering. Prophetically Of  the  nature  of  or  containing  prophecy. Pristine Having  its  original  purity. Chapter 3 Disembarking To  leave  an  aircraft  or  other  vehicle. Allopathic the  method  of  treating  disease  by  the  use  of  agents  that  produce effects  different  from  those  of  the  disease  treated. Corridors A  gallery  or  passage  connecting  parts  of  a  building. Denunciation An  accusation  of  crime  before  a  public  prosecutor  or  tribunal. Cadence Rhythmic  flow  of  a  sequence  of  sounds  or  words. Denouncing To  condemn  or  censure  openly  or  publicly. Chapter 4 Hierarchy Any  system  of  persons  or  things  ranked  one  above  another. Toiletries any  article  or  preparation  used  in  cleaning  or  grooming  oneself,  as soap  or  deodorant. Extravagances Excessive  or  unnecessary  expenditure  or  outlay  of  money. Expenditures Something  that  is  expended. Inadequacy something  inadequate.

EU LAW KECK DECIDED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU LAW KECK DECIDED - Essay Example The initial issue in the case was that court did not derail from the earlier notion about the idea of a measure that had an equal consequence to quantitative confinement on imports, which further triggered confusions between the provisions of Article 28 and 30. While rendering the decision in the two cases, the court agreed with the fundamental belief in Dasonville [Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville et al, Case 8/74, (1974) E.C.R. 837, 852, (1974) 2 C.M.L.R. 436, 448] & [Keck, [1994] E.C.R. 1-6097, 6130]. The purpose to obstruct intra-community dealing, when judging this was not a prerequisite for finding a violation in Article 30 [Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der Wirtschaft v. Weinvertreibs-GmbH, Case 95/82, [1981] E.C.R. 1217, 1226]; P.B. Groenveld BV v. Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees, Case 15/79, [1979] E.C.R. 3409, [1981] 1 C.M.L.R. 207, 211 & EC Commission v. United Kingdom, Case 40/82, [1982] E.C.R. 2793, 2825-26, [1982] 3 C.M.L.R. 497, 535]. Even though, there was dissatisfaction regarding reasoning in Torfaen case, preceding to the Keck case1, it was unambiguous that court had acknowledged all actions being wedged with such measures that had an equivalent effect, but were warranted to be reasonable socio-economic strategy options [ Torfaen, [1989] E.C.R. 3851, [1990] 1 C.M.L.R. 33; Union departementale des syndicats CGT de lAisne v. SIDEF Conforama et. al., Case C,-312/89, [1991] E.C.R. 1-997, 1025, [1993] 3 C.M.L.R. 746, 767; The State of Belgium v. Andre Marchandise, Case C-332/89, [1991] E.C.R. 1-1027, 1041, [1993] 3 C.M.L.R. 746, 767 & Stoke-on-Trent, (1992] E.C.R. 1-6335, [1992] 1 C.M.L.R. 426, 464].At the time of hearing and judgments preceding Keck, the court also conferred on various selling practices and procedures [The Republic (France) v. JeanMarie Delattre, Case C-369/88. [1991] E.C.R. 1-1487, [1993] 2 C.M.L.R. 445; SCP Boscher, Studer et

Class,but not race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class,but not race - Essay Example Cross racial coalitions can be built if people belonging to the same class are categorised into the same group. For instance, people belonging to the same class like rich whites and blacks can get similar preferences and they can get the same opportunities for advancement in their lives. in other words, the element of class can create equality among different people compared to the aspect of racial equity. If the issue of race is taken into account, even rich blacks can be looked down upon besides the fact that they belong to the same class. Grouping people on the basis of race is discriminatory. It shows a lot of gaps between different races such as whites, blacks as well as Asians. In other words, the issue of race cements the element of white supremacy where they are treated as superior than any other race which might not be true. When preferences are allocated on the basis of class, the disadvantaged people are also considered since a certain percentage of places in a given institution would be reserved for

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reflection - Assignment Example Ideally, holographic evidence enhances the decentralization of understanding, which has no center of control (Morgan, 2006). However, the author notes that the brain is holographic and specialized. For instance, according to split-brain research, the right and left-brain hemispheres specialize on certain aspects but also participate in any given activity (Morgan, 2006). This manifests in our organization where I specialize on advanced nursing but also offer healthcare to all women and infants under 1 year old. Indeed, it is through understanding that patterns and order emerge in an organization just as in brains. More so, organizations just like brains, involve information processing and understanding. Indeed, organizations are information-processing brains (Morgan, 2006). Additionally, we can also translate the results of the modern brain into established learning organizations, which defines understanding of ideas. We can also see how modern technology develops advanced understanding in global and local organizations. Indeed, modern technology affects understanding by offering powerful images to create organizations that suit the digital age. At the same time, organizations and brains require the freedom to evolve for them to gain autonomy and derive advanced understanding (Morgan, 2006). The author equally reckons that for any organization to self-organize, it must have valuable capacity/ free space to support innovation. As such, an understanding of the brain would help us to understa nd our organization. This leads us to the discussion question, which seeks to establish how organizations self-organize and regenerate themselves without losing their effectiveness. More so, we can derive another discussion question, which will address how a holographic organization distributes its capabilities, control, and intelligence for purposes of ensuring that every single unit is significant to the overall operations of an

Focus Group Essay Example for Free

Focus Group Essay Qualitative research Definition- it is a research, which is undertaken using an unstructured research, approach with a small number of carefully selected individuals to produce non-quantifiable insights into behavior, motivations and attitudes. Qualitative and quantitative research as two distinctly separate bodies of research – many studies encompass both approaches, with qualitative research being used to explore and understand attitudes and behavior, and quantitative research being used to measure how widespread these attitudes and behaviors are. Qualitative research can be used when managers need exploratory research. Managers use exploratory research to understand customer attitudes, emotions, preferences and behaviors. It can also be used in new product development or creative development research. Individual depth interview It is an interview that is conducted face-to-face, in which the subject matter of the interview is explored in detail using an unstructured and flexible approach. As with all qualitative research, depth interviews are used to develop a deeper understanding d of consumer attitudes and the reasons behind specific behaviors. This understanding is achieved through responding to an individual’s comments with extensive probing. The flexibility of this probing sets this interview approach apart from oter questionnaire-type interviews. Although there is an agenda of topics to be covered, the interviewers will use their knowledge of the research objectives, the information gained from other interviews and the comments of the respondent to select which parts of the dialogue with the respondent to explore further, which to ignore, and which to return to later in the interview. Not only is the depth interview flexible, it is also evolutionary in nature. Focus group Focus groups are depth interviews undertaken with a group of respondents. It is different to individual interviews in the number of respondents and interaction between participants. Several factors affect focus group Recruitment is a very critical element of group discussions and has long been a major quality-control issue in the UK marketing research industry. Group discussions are unlikely to achieve their research objectives if the wrong types of participant are recruited. The research proposal will set out the type of participants required for a group discussion. For example, if Colgate is researching a new type of toothpaste for a sensitive teeth. Their specification may request respondents who regularly purchase toothpaste with sensitive protection function. Respondents age (for example 25-64), living area, etc. Managers can also use Screening questionnaire to identify suitable respondents for its group discussion. The area that respondents are recruited normally should be in street or telephone interviews. The location that group discussions were held should let respondents feel comfortable. Locations such as viewing rooms or hotels for business should have no special facilities apart from audio type recorder. Food or snacks will also be provided to assist in relaxing the atmosphere. Time to hold the discussion should be well scheduled. Times should be available to target group. For example, outside working hours, times of available public transport etc. The number of groups should be 3-4. As the 3rd and 4th group can used to exam atypical views. * There are problems involving focus groups. For example in the case of overlapping dialogues from different speakers which may affect the transcript. * Moderators must learn to control such people and encourage those less willing to speak up and let their opinions be heard. Comparing to traditional group discussion, online group discussion or chat room is becoming popular. Apart from lower cost and possible time-saving, it can allow more people to be involved in observing the research, particularly if it is being carried out in a different region or country. However, a cheaper version of online group discussion or chat room where a group is recruited who are willing to discuss a subject online usually using text. It can be difficult to develop any real group dynamics and it is impossible to see people’s facial expression. Even with webcams, the video picture is usually so poor. Participants may also be distracted by events within their own office or home, as the environment is not under the control of the moderator. However, it may be useful with people who could be unwilling to attend a group discussion because of their geographical dispersal or their introverted nature. Projective techniques Projective techniques are techniques used in group discussions and individual interviews to facilitate a deeper exploration of a respondent’s attitudes towards a concept, product or situation. They enable respondents to express attitudes that they find difficult to verbalize. Projective technique projective techniques may gather ‘richer’ data than do standard questioning and discussion. There are many types of projective techniques. The most common three techniques are projective questioning. It is a projective technique that asks the respondent to consider what other people would think about a situation. An example of this could be â€Å"What do you think people in your street would think if they saw a BMW parked in your driveway?† The advantage of projective questioning is that it usually reflect the opinions of the respondent without causing them any embarrassment. Managers can get more objective answers. Word association tests It is a projective technique that involves asking respondents what brands or products they associate with specific words. In marketing research, word association is typically used in conjunction with brand names or celerity endorsers. This can assist marketers in developing communication objectives and strategies to position or differentiate their brands from those of competitors. In addition to the direct outputs of word association, the technique is also very useful as a way of warming up a group by getting everybody contributing and involved. Brand personalities Brand personalities involve respondents imagining a brand a person and describing their looks, clothes. Lifestyles, employment etc. For example, if ‘Nokia’ was a person, what type of person would he or she be? The answer could be such as a modern, relatively young slightly quirky male. This could compare with other brands. Developing brand personification can help to verbalize the imagery and vocabulary associated with the brand. Sentence completion Sentence completion involves providing respondents with an incomplete sentence or group of sentences. Respondents are then asked to complete them. For example, ‘Tesco, as a supermarket, is†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in many way, sentence completion is similar to word associations, although it can enable researcher to put the respondent’s thinking process into a proper context. Observation research Observation is a data-gathering approach where information on the behavior of people, objects and organizations is collected without any questions being asked of the participants. Observation can take a quantitative format where a large number of events or people are observed and the outputs are analyzed using statistical method. The major advantage of it over surveys of respondents is that the data collected do not have inaccuracies as a result of memory error or social desire bias. The data recorded reflect the actual behavior that took place. For example, video record gives a true representation of rental behavior. Observation overcomes the high refusal rates that may exist for some survey research. However, observation cannot investigate reasons behind behavior. Also, only public behavior is observed. Examples of what can be observed are consumers behavior in store, family consuming behavior at home, comments on the internet. Typical methods of observation are internet monitoring (club card, cookies), in-store observations (CCTV), mystery shopping(researchers participant into observation to look at process not the outcome of number of satisfaction), content analysis(how many time that the word appear in the article), ethnography(could be costly and have ethical issues). Ethical problem Questionnaire A questionnaire is the research instrument designed to generate the data necessary for accomplishing a project’s research objectives. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as focus group, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, questionnaires also have many of the same problems relating to question construction and wording. The effect of questionnaire might also limited by the location that respondents do the questionnaire. For example, respondents who did questionnaire in high street could be affected by noise. There are many types of questionnaire. There are open-ended question, closed question, scaling questions. There are many factors when comparing Focus group, depth interviews, projective techniques, observation and questionnaire. In terms of degree of structure, focus group are relatively high as managers will guide and control the whole discussion until all tasks are finished. In terms of probing of individual respondents, depth interviews are high and focus group and questionnaire are low. Moderator bias in depth interviews are high and others are medium. Observation has none effects in terms of both probing of individual respondents and moderator bias. Focus group is also high in discovering innovative information. Projective techniques and observation are high in uncovering subconscious information and obtaining sensitive information. Questionnaire and projective techniques are involving unusual behavior or questioning.

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay There are numerous of explanations when it comes to exploring the factors that influence consumers to consume honey products. The portrayal of honey congregated importance ever since it has been commonly used in both medical and domestic needs and as well as beauty needs. The oldest and most pioneer natural sweetening agent is honey where it has been exists for over centuries. (Aparna Rajalakshmi, 1999). Honey is a foundation of readily accessible sugars, protein, acids, nitrogen, amino acids, minimal amount of minerals and a number of other micro quantities of modules like pigments, aroma, flavour, phenolic compounds, colloids, sugar alcohol and vitamins (Crane et al, 1975). It takes 50000 bees to produce 500 pounds of honey in one year. Overall, most of the honey in the world is produced by the Apis Mellifera which better known as the honey bee and the other one would be the Apis Cerana which is regarded as the eastern honey bee. Average Range Standard Deviation Fructose/Glucose 1.23 0.76 1.86 0.126 Fructose, % 38.38 30.91 44.26 1.77 Glucose, % 30.31 22.89 40.75 3.04 Minerals (Ash), % 0.169 0.020 1.028 0.15 Moisture, % 17.2 13.4 22.9 1.46 Reducing Sugars, % 76.75 61.39 83.72 2.76 Sucrose, % 1.31 0.25 7.57 0.87 pH 3.91 3.42 6.10 Total Acidity, mcq/kg 29.12 8.68 59.49 10.33 True/Protein, mg/100g 168.6 57.7 56.7 70.9 Table .1 Composition of Honey (National Honey Board, 1996) In peoples perspective, the quality of the product will be the key success factor of honey product where industries of honey maker faced challenges for making and maintaining as well as preserving of honey products. Nevertheless, honey plays an essential role of contribution towards the medical field as it is generally healthy and popular. On the other hand, brand reputation of honey is going competitive around the world as countries such as India, Yemen, New Zealand, Australia, Saudi Arabia and etc. come in as big competitors to gain the largest honey manufacturer title. While for the pricing for honey is vary depending on the saturation, the level of harvesting, taste, colour, country origin and many more. Physical appearance also important as it plays an intrinsic and extrinsic role for consumers. Nowadays, honey is consumed all over the world nonetheless. To add on, the Americans in the US are the largest consumers of honey followed up by Chinese in China and the Germans in Germany. Though there has been a moderately steady of consumption of honey for the last five years, however the weather and superiority still maintained as the key factors manipulating the world market. (AAFRD, 2005). There have been studies on the average world consumption of honey which is about 220 grams per inhabitants per year. Thus, the average consumption of honey in developing and developed countries is 133 and 650 grams per inhabitants per year respectively (Napolitano et al, 2006). With the increasing of market size and the increasing consumer demand each year, honey makers have to search for new approaches and to learn to understand the consumer need in order to increase their product satisfaction and customers loyalty. Thus, the increase in consumers satisfaction will affect positively towards product sales. Therefore, this research is a study on how quality of product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing can affect the consumers satisfaction in purchasing honey products. The manufacturing process of honey is simply beyond belief and amusing. The first stage will be the removal of full honeycombs from the hive. For the removal of honeycombs, the bee hive will have to be either immunise with smoke to force the bee to come out or simply sweep the bees off the combs gently and guide them back to hive or a separator board will be positioned to close the honey chamber off from the brood chamber. This is depicted in Diagram 1 and 2. When honey is finally squirted out, the comb is then reinserted carefully. Secondly, the honeycombs will then be unsealed where at least two-thirds capped are placed into a transport box and taken to a location where there is free of bees. Thirdly is the extraction of honey where the honey combs are inserted into an extractor which is a large drum that draws out honey. Then comes the processing and bottling where honey is poured into tanks and heated to 120 °F (48.9 °C) to liquefy the crystals. After that, the condition is l eft for 24 hour. Any bee parts or pollen that rose up are being skimmed off. Last but not least, the honey is then propels into jars or cans for shipment. There are several methods for removing honey combs. The beekeeper can either sweep the bees off the combs and guide them back into the hive or inject a puff of smoke into the hive. When the bees sense the presence of fire, they gorge on honey in an attempt to take as much as they can with them before fleeing. Somewhat tranquilized by engorgement, the bees are less likely to sting when the hive is opened. Alternately, a separator board can be placed between the honey chamber and the brood chamber. When the bees in the honey chamber discover that they have been separated from their queen, they move through a hatch that allows them to enter the brood chamber, but not reenter the honey chamber. Diagram 1 Removal of honeycombs Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b A typical hive used in beekeeping. Diagram 2 The Structure of honey comb Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b Table 1: World honey production and consumption in 2005 Countries Production (1000 metric tons) Consumption (1000 metric tons) No. of bee hives No. of bee keepers Ukraine 71.46 52 RussiaRussia 52.13 54 SpainSpain 37.00 40 GermanyGermany  (*2008) 21.23 89 1,000,000 90,000 HungaryHungary 19.71 4 RomaniaRomania 19.20 10 GreeceGreece 16.27 16 FranceFrance 15.45 30 SerbiaSerbia 3 to 5 6.3 430,000 30,000 DenmarkDenmark  (*1996) 2.5 5 *150,000 *4,000 United StatesUnited States of America  (*2006, **2002) 70.306* 158.75* 2,400,000 12,029** (210,000 bee keepers) CanadaCanada 45 (2006); 28 (2007) 29 500,000 13,000 ArgentinaArgentina 93.42 (Average 84) 3 BrazilBrazil 33.75 2 AustraliaAustralia 18.46 16 New ZealandNew Zealand 9.69 8 313,399 2602 ChinaChina 299.33 (average 245) 238 7,200,000 7,200,000 TurkeyTurkey 82.34 (average 70) 66 4,500,000 IranIran 3,500,000 IndiaIndia 52.23 45 9,800,000 South KoreaSouth Korea 23.82 27 VietnamVietnam 13.59 0 TanzaniaTanzania 28.68 28 EgyptEgypt  (*1997) 16* 2,-00,000* 200,000* Central African RepublicCentral African Republic 14.23 14 South AfricaSouth Africa  (*2008) ~2.5* ~1.5* 92,000 1,790 Table 1 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), August 2007. Table 1 shows the world honey production and consumption in the year 2005. The available details in the table are production level (1000 metric per tons), consumption level (1000 metric per tons), number of bee keepers and bee hives. Countries that have been selected in this research are Ukraine, Russia, Spain, Germany (2008), Hungary, Romania, Greece, France, Serbia, Denmark, United States of America, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, China, Turkey, Iran, India, South Korea, Vietnam, Tanzania, Egypt and Central Africa Republic. Problem Statement/ Research Questions Consumers always confirm that the value or quality of the product is acceptable or equivalent to the amount of money they paid for. It is unquestionable that customer perceived value as the ratio of the perceived benefits (Monroe, 1990). In other words, customers always expect the highest and best quality of the product for what they had paid for. There have been studies of forbidden honey imported in China by the United Kingdom and the European Union and Canada due to the content of the chemical, Chloramphenicol which is a type of slow process destructive antibiotic that can caused toxicity in human health. (Ingram, 2002). This is because large packers and manufacturers have no concern over business ethics and quality management by mixing the specific honey with the American honey in order to decrease their overall cost. Therefore it has become cheap honey that has commonly been used in daily intake. Some consumers have been deceived by cheaper price marketing strategies. Researchers argued that price promotion occasionally does not bring positive effect on purchase intention but negative effects. There has been some figure of consumers that do not check the origin country of the honey from the container which eventually will lead to misinformation. Nevertheless, consumers do not have the initiatives to know more about the legal packaging and nutrition level as they presumed its totally safe to consume. They simply are being deceived by the fake messages. This practice may lead to the development of contraband or fake honey to be delivered globally through black market. Also, most of the commercial honey was thinned by added syrups. There have been evidence to support the idea of product packaging can affect the consumers buying behaviour. All the aspect such as colour, shape, brand belief, designs, brand personality, and brand image plays an important role in affecting consumers buying behaviour in purchasing honey because consumer do not actually think intensely about all brands at all before they walked into the store to buy. More than 70 percent of purchase decisions are achieved through at the point of sale after a detailed market research is conducted (Connolly and Davidson, 1996). Honey products have been developing from health supplements field to economic development field. In the past issue has triggered a lot of numbers of academicians and researchers to conduct a thorough research on this issue. Few research questions they arose are as follow: What is the Malaysians level of understanding of honey products? Does the quality of the products affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Does the medical conditions played an important role in affecting the consumers satisfaction and buying decision? Does the brand reputation affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Is physical appearance really important in order to affect the consumers to purchase honey products? What are the correlations between consumption of honey products and pricing? Research Objectives In order to answer all the research questions, the following objectives are clearly defined: To determine the level of understanding of honey products among Malaysians. To investigate the relationship between the quality of products and consumption of honey products. To explore the relationship between the medical condition affecting consumption of honey products. To define the relationship between the reputation and consumption of honey products. To explain the relationship between the physical appearances which may affect the consumption of honey products? To clarify the relationship of pricing affecting the consumption of honey products. Significance of study The topic on the factors that affect the consumers to purchase honey products has seldom been discussed in recent research. Upon the completion of this research shall grant more essential information and guidance to the honey maker industries as the honey served well in economics and health fields. Nevertheless, this research is beneficial to those who are interested in learning more about consumers behaviour toward honey products and factors affecting it. Also, the independent variables served as a strong purpose to the honey maker industries as the research might help the industries to change the method and implement the necessary strategy in term of manipulating the strategy related to honey in order to enhance the competitive advantage in modern marketplace. Lastly, this research also studies the behavior and satisfaction of consumers purchasing honey products. Honey industries have made a great impact on employment and economics in the agricultural and health field. People with experiences in honey and bees can easily being employed by honey manufacturer companies, pharmacies, traditional medical store and hospitals because those businesses lack of potential input (Mclane, 2012). Scope of study This research mainly focuses on middle age adults in Malaysia as they are the primary consumers of honey products because their percentage of buying intention is higher compared to young adulthood and elderly. The age of middle adulthood is 30 to 65 (Cattin and Wattink, 1982). The middle age adults are the most suitable candidates for this research because their physical fitness and mental obligation start to decrease as age is catching up to them or maybe they purchased honey products for their family usage. Therefore, they are the one who need honey products and most importantly is that they are the categorized group whom are willing and able to pay for honey products as supplements (Ee, 2012). Operational Definition The independent variables are quality of the product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance, and pricing while the dependent variable is consumption of honey products. Quality of product The variety of types and characteristics of a specific product to its ability to meet given requirements and in degree of excellence. Medical condition The benefits of health which can be obtained by undertaking the product. Brand reputation The recognition which has increased the clearness and accessibility to information through mission statement, marketing and affiliation. Pricing Customers perceived value. Different pricing methods vary depending on the degree of importance on selection, estimation, evaluation of cost, comparative analysis and market situation. Consumption of honey products The act of consuming the honey and also the ways applying the product. Consumers behavior towards honey products Comportment of an individual or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas or experiences. Also includes the study of understanding consumer thoughts, actions and feelings. 1.7 Organisational of Research Chapter 1 discuss about the introduction of the honey products and factors influencing the consumers purchasing of honey products. Then, there is the background of the study followed up by the objectives and problem statement which has been clearly defined here. The background of the research mainly covers the managers who are part of catalyst of virtual product development as sample in this research. This chapter also covers the significance of the study, the scope of the study and the operational definition. Chapter 2 is examine the past literature review that are related to this field, factors affecting the consumers to purchase honey products. This chapter is more on extracting the past researches done by researchers on the dependent and independent variables involved. Chapter 3 will describe the research methods that were employed in conducting this research in order to find out the tendencies of the consumption of honey responding to the independent variables. The theoretical framework and hypothesis will be shown in this part .Lastly, the sampling design and data analysis method will be discussed in details in this part. Chapter 4 express all the analysis of the data collected done by using the Statistical Process for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. The frequencies and percentage of the demographic profile is shown in this chapter. Three tests are done in this research to test the hypotheses which are the Reliability Test, Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression Analysis. Chapter 5 shows the discussion of the hypotheses .Each hypotheses is explained in details and the latter part of the research is the implications and recommendations for the research study. Lastly, conclusion is made to sum up the entire research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review is a documentation of the related studies from past researchers, with the objectives to deliver supporting evidence for the research. Furthermore, literature review is designed to provide a clearer preview and logical presentation to the studies. In this particular research, the literature review is divided into three sections which consist of introduction, brief history, dependent variable and independent variable. The introduction will be the explanation of the meaning literature review while the brief history will be the description of past history of honey industry in the world. Nevertheless, the dependent variable will be the consumers behaviour of purchasing honey related products. On the other hand, the independent variables are the quality of products, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing. 2.2.1 Brief history of honey industry (world) Honey has been in the history of mankind since 2100 B.C. where researchers found the evidence on the written wall of the Sumerian and Babylonian civilisation as well as in Egypt and India. Researchers even assumed that honey existed even earlier than the civilisations. Hunig was given as a supplementary English name for honey where it was then been well recognised as sweetener used by many people (Filippone, 2012). Back in those days, honey is nevertheless considered as essential in terms of food, beverages, furniture polishes and glosses as well as medical purpose (Crane, 1975). Honey has also often been used as practices of currency exchange, tributes or offerings (Ransome, 2002). Honey industry in the world has faced a lot of obstacles such as global weather patterns in Argentina and Chile where the extreme temperatures and dry humidity affect the honey drastically and market manipulation of honey price in Europe. As a result, the US crop is estimated at the end of the year to decline to approximately 150,000,000- 160,000,000 pounds which is one of the lowest crops ever recorded the history of honey production (Phipps, 2012). Likewise, the honey production in 2005 had been decline to as much as five percent worldwide (Flottum, 2005). There has been research from Anton (1995) where farm management is practiced so that the organic food management can meet the Federal regulations of safety and quality of food supply including Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act. Still, beekeeping has never failed to be one of the primogenital forms of animal husbandry the world has ever known. (McNulty et al, 2006). As an implication, honey has been serving as an important benchmark and standard for both consumers and suppliers in the honey industry ever since (Baltrusaityte et al, 2007). As nutrition knowledge has been expanded and was put as a priority in science field, many people were pretty well-aware of understanding the assortment and types of foods, their nutritional composition and human dietary in their daily life. Soon from gaining the knowledge, people were somehow able to indicate the relationship between different type and combination of food and the links and good health as well as food intake. (Valentine, 2000). Since then, honey industries have been making a giant leap as essential food supplement for human (Aparna and Rajalakshmi, 1999). Also, there has been a research defining the price of organic honey being relatively high in the market demand (Phipps, 2012). 2.2.2 Consumer behaviour towards honey products Consumer behaviour is undoubtedly defined as the behaviour that consumers project in searching for, using, purchasing, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they assume will satisfy their needs (Pelau, 2011). The term is defined in order to have a better understanding and information on the relationship between consumer behaviour and the marketing concept as well as market segmentation, targeting and positioning (Hawkins pg 11, 2010). Customer satisfaction is considered as the top notch of the whole idea of consumer behaviour as its defined as customers feelings towards a certain value of the product or service that was received as a result of using a specific organizations proposing in precise use situations which is essential (Woodruff, 1993). Own Total Product Consumer Decision Superior Value Process Expected Competitors Total Sales Product Perceived Value Delivered Customers Satisfaction Figure 2.1 Creating Satisfied Customers Source: Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy 11th Edition 2010 pg 24 Figure 2.1 shows on how to create satisfied customers especially for industries that grow from its emerging status into large scale. There has been a research showing that most of the consumers usually comprehend themselves bearing with risks instead of benefits (Reid, 2000 a,b). This occurrence is based on habitualized behaviour and decision making as most of the consumers always purchase it repeatedly until they are familiarized and put their trust in it which is better known as superior value expected. From the occurrence of sale, customers perceived value were delivered and satisfaction is obtained (Pelau, 2011). According to Phipps (2008), industries that sell natural products tend to generate a connection bond and send confident messages to consumers so that there will be an increase of consumption level, new products are developed, consumers perception value boosted and the increased entrance of higher quality products into the market. Occasionally, there are consumers which want to obtain high quality of food products with unique and exclusive characteristics (Madas et al, 2011).Not overlooking that consumers always put their interest and their money into foods that are free of contaminants, pesticides, chemicals and other health risks so that they are somehow able to feel assured in their rational mind (Mintel Organic Foods, 2006, p.1). Some of the consumers react to the purchase decision making are sometimes based on past experience (Robert Douglas, 2001). However, most of the consumers always purchase the product or service based on emotional aspect rather than rational aspect and its important to capture their buying decision by projecting superior value of the product or service which can be done through mass media and advertising. Consumers are usually influenced not only by economy but psychology as well (Leon et al, 2011). Nonetheless, human behaviour can be best explained by the Theory Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the theory are widely used in managerial decision making in order to link between attitudes and behaviour of a customer (Sommer, 2011). It is the way of understanding on how an individual would react and behave in a specific manner which is influenced by attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control (Smith et al, 2007). The Theory Planned Behaviour is a detailed development of reason-based actions which explained; people do what they like and intend to do whereas people do not do what they dislike and not intend to do (Fishbein, 1975). The fundamental elements of the Theory Planned Behaviour are behavioural beliefs and attitude toward behaviour, normative and subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and lastly the behavioural intention (Ajzen et al, 1986 Chan et al, 1993). Behavioural beliefs are the understanding of consequences or particular behaviour while attitude toward behav iour is defined as progressive or adverse valuation of self-performance of the particular behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Normative norm is an individuals perception based on peer or family influence while subjective norm is an individuals acuity based on societal normative pressure (Kuhl, 1985). Then again, perceived behavioural control refers to peoples perception of their ability to execute an assigned behaviour. Lastly, the behavioural intention is the autonomous probability that he or she will participate in a given behaviour (Committee on Communication for Behaviour Change in 21st Century, 2002). Mutually, the Theory Planned Behaviour has a higher rate of success in forecasting the intentions rather than the behaviour aspect (Armitage et al, 2001 Sheeran, 2002 Sutton, 1998). Understanding consumers behaviour and purchasing patterns especially on product line are extremely crucial in order to create inevitable customers satisfaction level (Leon et al, 2011). Without potential consumers to purchase honey products, there will be decline opportunity for honey makers to survive in the natural food industry (Anton 1995). 2.2.3 Quality of Product The meaning of quality refers to any situations and perception where consumers decisive roles and patterns are manipulated (Oliver 1997). Due to its differences, there are many meanings. Quality of product is well-defined as superiority or excellence of performance and apparent quality of a certain product which judged and assessed based on consumers perception and opinion (Aaker1991). A typical characteristic of an object to its degree of superiority is known as quality (Conklin Thompson, 1993). There are people who favour quality as the originator or determinant of satisfaction because the customers are the one that define and perceive quality (Cronin Taylor, 1992; Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). Product quality can be examined under two different categories which are objectives quality and perceived quality (Brunso et al, 2005). Measuring the quality is fixed by intrinsic and extrinsic value. The intrinsic value denotes to something that are interrelated to the physical form of the product such as colour, appearance and volume whereas extrinsic value is related to non-physical form of the product such as branding and product information (Zeithaml 1988 and Steemkamp 1997). There has been a research done by Anderson and Sullivan in 1993 stating that consumers may have different preferences or obligations with respect to which characteristics of a product quality need to be improvised simultaneously, and, to what extent just to get more satisfactory result. This is because attitude of the consumers are credentials for satisfaction which links the relationships between quality perceptions and the product itself (Maria, 2003). Attitude of the consumers can either be constructive or inauspicious depending on the quality of product they received (Fishbein Ajden 1975). Therefore, product owners need to find out the missing links and think out of the box to give solutions and improvisations on the products if its been found under dissatisfactory level in order to maintain customers loyalty (Pearson, 2006). Product from industrialized countries such as China, United States of America and the European Union are supposed to have higher quality compared to those from less developed countries such as Vietnam and Iran (Cordell, 1992). For honey maker industries, the quality of honey is primarily branded by its sensorial, chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics. Each and every honey products that been manufactured have to be under license, approved by International Honey Commissions and meets the requirements by governments food safety authority (IMAQE) in order to gain customers trust and loyalty (Mariana et al, 2011). For Products Performance Serviceability    Reliable Reasonable Price    Ease of Use   Maintainability Durability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simplicity Aesthetics Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Safe   Ã‚     Ease of Disposal Figure 2.2- The content of quality for products Source: http://www.bexcellence.org/What-Is-Quality.html For a product to achieve its maximum potential quality in order to satisfy consumers requires to achieve most of the attributes such as outstanding performance to execute, reasonable price to purchase, durable, easily available everywhere, easily to be service, user friendly, simple as possible, safe, reliable, easily to maintain, aesthetics and easily to dispose (Based on Figure 2.2). The tool for measuring quality which has been suggested by Petrick (2002) is divided into four sub groups which are quality outstanding, reliability, trustworthiness and consistency. On the other hand, consultation advice from industry experts and product samplings are often the key to maintain a high level quality of the product (Elder 2005; Ross 2005). Nonetheless when the quality of the product is good or reliable, consumers dont mind and willing to pay more extra for these attributes (Figure 2.2) as they are well aware that the virtue of quality surpassed quantity (Cronin Taylor, 1992 and Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). However, consumers tend to understand the quality information provided on the label as well as based on their observations in order to purchase a certain product. A good quality product can constructs customer pleasure and delight while an inferior quality product will lead to customers dissatisfaction and irritation (Kotler Armstrong 2010). 2.2.4 Medical Condition Medical condition can be classified as condition which the occurrence of medical problem that needs to be treated or managed (George, 2012). Diseases from major to minor state or even the sign of disease which occurred on an individual is also considered as medical condition (Rod, 2009). People nowadays have always been concerning about health preservation and improvement especially for themselves and their family (Schifferstein and Oude, Ophuis, 1998; Tregear et al, 1994) .Consciousness on the nutrition, health, and quality of food they eat has bec